1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
/ 5  
  
[      (  )]
  : 3   :100
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.         ,       
2.            
-
3.          ?         
-      
4.             
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5.              
6.         ?           
?
-
7.                
     
8.             .
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
/ 5  
  
[      (  )]
  : 3   :100
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.         ,       
:  - 
           - 
,           '     
        -        
              ,
              ,
    -        
               
  ,   , ,  ,     
  '    
        
"   "      :
     
   
     
        
 ,    
             
4
Easy2Siksha
 
     , 
     ( ,
,   ) -        , 
        ,    
,         
       
               
 :
1.      
              - 
    ,   , ,    
  ,      ,     
               
     ,     ,      
 
2.       
      -        ,
    , ,     ,   ..
 ..      , ..     (   
) ,          (      ) 
       - ,      
                
 
3.    
        
      
     ,        , 
               
      ,     ,      
-      
4.       
   -,    
     
             
    -           
 ,   ,          ,  
 ,              ,
5
Easy2Siksha
     ,        , 
      ,         
5.   
           - -   
       ,        
     ,           
              
     
6.  
      -   ,    
  '     -  -     
           
      
 , US, UK,            
     -      
7.    
         
             '  ,  
        ,    
                
     
8.      
  ,        ,  , 
            
              
 ,           
     
 
        
               
           -  
            :
1. -    
          -    
        , 
    
 ,          
6
Easy2Siksha
    ,           
       
       
2.     
  

          
, -        ,   
                
,     ,        
     
3.      
  -           
                   
 ,            
 ,         ,         
              

4.         
             
             ,  
   ,          
    ,         
               
5.     
       ,    -    
 ,         -   
   ,             
         
       -     
       
6.     
                
            ,  
           ,     , 
 ,            
     '     
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Easy2Siksha
7.      
             
   -  ,          
     , -   -     ,
      '         
      
8.     
 ,         '    
           - 
                
     , COVID-19      , 
               

              
             
     -         
 -            ,  
                 
   ,      ,   
  '          -  
     , 
   ,    
      
2.            
:           
              
          -     
         
            
1.        :       
                 
      ,        
          , ,
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Easy2Siksha
    
     
 
2.   :         
              
 
(   ,   ,   )     
  (   , ,  )
o :    (       
)   (   )         
       
o :           , 
 ,           
,        
     

3.  :         ,  
     
   ,  
  
       ,     
   
              
       '      
4.   -  :        
   ,       ( ,
, ,  )          
       ( ), -
(   ),  - (    )  
 ,                
 -        ,       
   ,           
( ,     )
5.   :          
   '      
   
  (      )   
          ,      
 -             
             
      
 
9
Easy2Siksha
         
     ,          
     :
1.   :             
 ,        '   
      - ,   '   '  
             ,
             
 (     )        
      
 
2.  '  :         '  
       ,      
           
  
             
 ,      ,      
        
3.      :      
         
   
          ,  
              
      -  
4.     :         
     
     
               
, ,   '      ,  
             
              
      
5. -     :     
            
          , 
 (   )   ,      
               , 
           ,   
   
10
Easy2Siksha
     
    ,        

     '    -   
                
      
    -   
   ,      
        ,         
 ,     -      
'   ,     ,    -
        

              
              
       ,     
  
 ,   -         
 ,            ,
            - 
         
-
3.          ?         
-      
:        - 
                
              
              
              
      
   15 , 1791   ,      
                
               
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Easy2Siksha
   

          

      
      
        
  ,    ' -      
     ,        , 
               
        ,   
     
      
                
   ,   
       
       
              
       -       
   
1.  :, , ,     
                
    :
   :        ,   
     ,        
 
   :     
     
      

   :          
 
   : ,        
   
  :         
 
             
     
2.  :    
                -
            ,   
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Easy2Siksha
     , ,      
      ,          
  
3.  :      
               
               
                 
    ,              
   
4.  :-     
     -     
    
         , ,       
,               
               
5. 
:   
           :
   :        
           
   :        
 

-   :        
  
   ("  ")
 :             
    
6. 
:   

              
   :
   :       
  
   :        
 
      :      
   
13
Easy2Siksha
       :        
           
  :      ,    

 ,       
   
          
       
7. 
:       

               
    (  $75,000)         
                 
      
8. 
:     

       
     
,   ,            
               
     
9. 
:     '  
 

             
 
             '  
  ,
   
    
     
    
            
10. 
:      

            
 
                ,  
     ,      '   

         ,     
            ,   
,              
     ,      
   
             
                
      
         ,
            
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4.             
:   ,             2024
,       III          
   ,            '   ,
              
                
   ,            
   '          
         :
1.  
       '    
      
    ,       ' -   
               , 
  '       '        :
  :              
              
,                
       "  "    ,    
        ,       
         :   ,   
                 
              '  
       

      :       ,  
        ,   ,
            
 ,          
2.   
            ,    
              , 
            -    
   
            
  
  :
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    :   ,     '  
    ,    '        
       ,             
 ,           
 
      :         
(  ) ,        ,  "
"               
 ,  ,            
       
        ,   
  
      :        
   '         ,    
   ,           
 
3.    
       ,          
         
      
            ,   
         
-  :    '       
      
        
              
  '           
,      ,        


   :        ,    
                
              
4.  
            ,    
      ,          
    :
   :            
               
          
16
Easy2Siksha
 :..             '
"  "           
        ,        
   

5.  
  ',         ,      
 ,             ,   '
            :
    :        ,  
                 
 ,          
 
  :         ,  
                
 ,     ,          
   
6.   
       ,    ,      
               ,  
     

     :" "     
                
    ,          '
           '   ,   
      

7.     
           -  
        ,       
,            
 :    '      
 ,         ,       
,      ,          
    
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8.      
           
,     
       ,          ,
       ,        '
    
   :        
         '     
  
   

,        ,
         

 ,          '     
        ,      
          '     , 
     
         ,
      '    ,      
               
  
-
5.              
:         -    
 :              

 1:     - 
         (     )   
           ,       
'         
      
 
 2:  
      ,         
        
        
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,  '      ,        
   ',     ,      
o      ,         -
               
   
    '    ,     '
  
 3:      
      ,       '     
    (    ) ,     '   
     :
o   ,      ,      
       '   
o  ,            ,
               
     -       
        
 4: 
  ,         "", "
,"  " " ( 
    )           ,  
       (  )     ,   
   ,         

 5:   
      ,          ,
     ,            
              
          
o        '    ,   
             
    ,     '  
 6:    
       ,       
  :
o    '  .
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o   ,         
o               , 
              
 ,    
  (      
)
 7:    
      ,      
                 
      ,          
 
  :
:  ,           
            ,
      ,     -  (60 )
  
 :         pay-as-you-go ( paygo) 
 ,    
            
             
               
   ,            
  
 ,          
    
6.         ?           
?
;            
   ?
                
             
,            
,      '          
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              
    
 
   -     ,      , 
   ,    ,        
              -   
     ,            , 
            -  

 
     
             -   
        :
1.  () :           
 , 
  ,  ,     ,  
 (BMA)          
 ,       (CBI)     

2.   ( ) :     -   ' 
 ,    ,   ,     
   ,       
 ,  
,        
3.  :             
    '         
        ,    (NFU)
     '   
4.   :         
   
          ,    
           ,  
 '           
           
            , -  
  ,          
 
1.    
               ,  
',      
         
       ,   
21
Easy2Siksha
(BMA)            ,   
  (TUC) -       
 
              
           ,    
 ,     ,       
   ,     ,     '   
 ,     '      
2.   
             
 
            
         ,     
        
   
 ,  '          
      ,          
            
             
       ,      
3.     
              
     '      ,  , 
           
()      (  )    
       ,      
    '      
               
   ,           ,  
      ,         
4.     
            
 
   ,   '   ,       
,              
   ,   ,      
                 
   
 , UK Uncut             
     
    
   
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 ,            '
     
  
                
,    :
 :         
  :            
    
   :         , ,  
   
   :            
    
      '       '   
           '    ,  
              
    
         
 ,    
               
  -    ,   '    
   ,       ,   
       ,       

                 
   
   ,      
               



               
,   ,     ,    

  '        ,   '     
     , -           
 , 
 , -    ,         
 ,               
 
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:
  (2023)    -   
   (2023)          
    (2023)      .
-
7.                
     
:              
       
       , 
     ,      
1.    
               

     :
 :              
         ,   150    
            
    
   
  :           
              
,  ,        
     :              
  ,  ,          

      -  '      
,   '    
   :    , ..   ,    
      '              
   
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2.     
       :
   :         
               ,  
   ,        
    :          
                
 
,            ,
     
 ;       
         
 :           
   ,   -       
     
 :  
,     
    
   (, ,   )       
            
3.    
         ' 
    1803 
               
               
    -.        , 
           
   ?
         (  )  , 
             
  ,          
 ,             ' 

 ,                 
        ,          
 -  ,       
     ?
1.    :           

   ,          
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                
     
2.      :       ,   
  ,           
 (   )    ( )  
        
3.  -    :    ,   '    
 '     '   ,        
               , 
     
4.   :       ,      
    -   ,    
  
4.   
   
               
      :
    (1954) ,          
  - ,          
 
   (1973) ,           
             
     
    
         
         
    
              
 
  :
    (1974) ,       
            
,          
   
               - 
            '    
 
26
Easy2Siksha
      -         
 - 
  :
   (2015) ,        
  ,            
5.   '   
      ,     
:
  ' :   '     
  
        
    :        '
      
          
  '  

  :        ,   
               
.
6.    
            
     
    
 ,     
     '             
  
              
       ,        
          
7. 
             
 
           

      ,   -    ,
            
           ,    
       ,         
     
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8.             .
:             
'   ,             
       ,      
,                 ,
  ,           

       
1.   : ..    ,  ()  
               
  ,       '      
  ,   
   
,    
       ,      
   
2.        :     ,  , 
       ,      
    ,  :
o    ,
o     (),
o      
,              
  
         ',        
 ,     ,      '  , 
,        '   
3.   :          
     (   )    ,    
         ,       ,
    
       
    
 
4.      :    ,      (
   III) ,         
         ,   '   
          '   ,   
        ,       

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      
1.        :
      ,
              
 , 
           ,
 ,          
   ,    
        

2.     :   ,        
 
             
 
     '         
 ,          ,   
  -   -       
 
3.     :      ,   
              
    ,            
             
  , 
           
    
      
1.  -:        -
            ,   
             
     ,       
         ,        , 
 '     ,      
2.    :   ,      
 ,              ,
   (SNP)          
   ,   '     ()   
            
          
3.   :
       ,   
               
               
           ,    
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Easy2Siksha
        ,     
   
 
   :   
        ,       ' ,
    ,        
 :1999      ,    
    ,          
             
, 2014           ,    
      ,     
:    ( )      ,  ,
          ,    
   ,   ,        
   
 :        '  ,
         
    1998      -  
   ,          
    
   ,       , 
   
                 
                  
  
      
    ()         
         ,   '  
   ,    EU        
           ,    
             -    ,
             

      '      ,   
            ,     
,               
          ,   
30
Easy2Siksha
      ,    , 
                
            
 ,            
:       Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '         